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James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales (10 June 1688 – 1 January 1766), nicknamed the Old Pretender, was the son of the deposed James II of England and Ireland, VII of Scotland. As such, he claimed the English, Scottish and Irish thrones (as James III of England and Ireland and James VIII of Scotland) from the death of his father in 1701, when he was recognised as king of England, Scotland and Ireland by his cousin Louis XIV of France. Following his death in 1766, he was succeeded by his son Charles Edward Stuart in the Jacobite Succession. Had his father not been deposed, Great Britain would have had only two monarchs during his lifetime; his father and himself, but instead there were seven; his father, William III, Mary II, Anne, George I, George II and George III. Although the ruling Protestant Stuarts died out with his half-sister, Queen Anne, the last remaining Stuarts were James and his sons, and their endeavours to reclaim the throne while remaining devoted to their Catholic faith are remembered in history as Jacobitism. ==Birth and childhood== Prince James Francis Edward was born 10 June 1688, at St. James's Palace. He was the son of King James II of England and Ireland (VII of Scotland), and his Roman Catholic second wife, Mary of Modena,〔("Prince James Francis Edward", The British Monarchy )〕 and as such was automatically Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay, among other titles. The prince's birth was controversial, and coming five years after James's marriage, unanticipated on the part of a number of British Protestants, who had expected his daughter Mary, from his first marriage, to succeed her father. Mary and her younger sister Princess Anne, had been raised as Protestants.〔("James Francis Edward Stuart", ''The Stuart Succession Project'', University of Exeter )〕 As long as there was a possibility of one of them succeeding him, the king's opponents saw his rule as a temporary inconvenience. When people began to fear that James's second wife, Mary, would produce a Catholic son and heir, a movement grew to replace him with his elder daughter Princess Mary and his son-in-law/nephew, William of Orange. When the young prince was born, rumours immediately began to spread that he was an impostor baby, smuggled into the royal birth chamber in a warming pan and that the true child of James and Mary was allegedly stillborn.〔Margaret McIntyre, ''Mary II (1662–1694)'', in Anne Commire (ed.), ''Women in World History'', vol. 10 (2001), ISBN 0-7876-4069-7, p. 516〕 In an attempt to scotch this myth, James published the testimonies of over seventy witnesses to the birth.〔James Edward Gregg, '(James Francis Edward (1688–1766) )', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2012, accessed 23 June 2013.〕 On 9 December, Mary of Modena, disguised as a laundress, took the infant James to France. Young James was brought up at the Palace of St. Germain.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「James Francis Edward Stuart」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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